Exploratory Factor Analysis Using Varimax Rotation Essay

Exploratory factor analyses using Varimax rotation were conducted on each of the multiple-item scales, including the exogenous constructs ( information quality, entertainment, interactivity and vividness) and endogenous constructs (cognitive engagement, affective engagement, behavioral engagement and the outcomes of this engagement-loyalty and e-WOM) as a way to refine the measures in the study. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted prior to testing the full model to identify items with poor psychometric properties and to purify the measurement model for future testing (Anderson Gerbing, 1988). A priori designations for each of the proposed antecedents of engagement (information quality, entertainment, interactivity and vividness), for loyalty, and for e-wom were employed in the analyses, given that they have been confirmed in previous studies (Mollen Wilson, 2009; O’Brien Toms, 2008; Shang et al., 2006; Shukla, 2009 ). Eigenvalues larger than one and scree plots were analyzed to assist in determining the number of factors for each construct. Additionally, the strength of factor loadings as well as face validity were analyzed to further assist in determining the items to be included for each exogenous and endogenous variables. The coefficient reliability analysis revealed that all the scales consisting of more than two items exceeded the recommended Cronbach‟s alpha benchmark of 0.70 (Nunnally, 1978). 4.4 Exploratory Factor Analysis of Exogenous Constructs 4.4.1Show MoreRelatedThe Extraction Of Factors And Factors941 Words   |  4 PagesThe extraction of factors helps to determine the loading of factors. The factor loading matrix is shown below and is estimated with two common factors. The first column of the matrix depicts the first unrotated factor and it can be analysed that the first factor puts maximum and approximately equal weights to the first, second and fifth variable. And, it puts the minimum weight to the third variable, electricity. On the other hand, the second unrotated factor places the least weights to the firstRead MoreCausal Beliefs Of The Public And Social Acceptance Of Persons With Mental Illness1443 Words   |  6 PagesSchomerus, G., Malschinger, H., Angermeyer, M. C. (2014). Causal beliefs of the public and social acceptance of persons with mental illness: A comparative analysis of schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence. Psychological Medicine, 44, 303-314. The present study completed by Schomerus, Malschinger, Angermeyer (2014) set out to examine how perceptions and beliefs about individuals with mental health disorders may be improved by â€Å"biological illness explanations† (p. 303). According to theRead MoreEvaluation Of Exploratory Factor Analysis Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pages4.3 Factor Analysis Exploratory factor analyses using Varimax rotation were conducted on each of the multiple-item scales, including the exogenous constructs ( information quality, entertainment, interactivity and vividness) and endogenous constructs (cognitive engagement, affective engagement, behavioral engagement and the outcomes of this engagement-loyalty and e-WOM) as a way to refine the measures in the study. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted prior to testing the full model to identifyRead MoreIdentifying Salient Factors that Affected CRM Process at Merck-Medco841 Words   |  3 PagesObjectives In the data analysis, there are two of the main objectives which will be prioritize during the research. Here are the following objectives regarding the data analysis: 1. To identify salient factors that affected CRM process at Merck-Medco - Once the obvious factors are being found, the company will be directed to develop the appropriate measures which would help to process improvement. This factors can be identified through a quantitative and qualitative method among the representativesRead MoreThe Importance Of Green Supply Chain Management1230 Words   |  5 Pagesreduction. Factor Analysis An experimental factor analysis (EFA) is employed to identify the theoretical dimensions (factors) of alertness of environmental rules/policies as well as GSCM practices. The maximum possibility method with a vari max rotation is used to excerpt the theoretical factors. Both the screen test and the preliminary eigenvalue test (eigenvalues 1) recommend two expressive factors to characterize alertness of environmental rules/policies, and four factors for GSCM practicesRead MoreOnline Shopping Behavior Of People1199 Words   |  5 Pagesshopping in India is increasing rapidly. Therefore, it has become very essential to know the key factors which influence the online shopping behavior of people and it is assessed using expletory factor analysis. It is observed that the factors like Site Characteristics, Excellent Service influence the online shoppers more. Keywords: Online Shopping, Buying Behavior, Preference Factors, Factor Analysis. Introduction: The Internet was popularized in the 1980s when Microsoft and IBM came out withRead MoreThe Psychometric Properties Of Connor Davidson Resilience Scale1048 Words   |  5 Pagesscale in the sample of Indian IT Executives. Data was collected using 25- Item CD-RISC scale from 160 employees of 12 IT firms located in Chandigarh tricity region. The result of exploratory principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation and Confirmatory Factor Analysis verified the original five factor structure as given by Connor and Davidson (2003). In this study 74% of variance was jointly explained by the five factors. The result supported the dimensionality, reliability (ÃŽ ± = 0.85)Read MoreThe Collective Self Esteem And Social Identity Theory1924 Words   |  8 Pagespsychometric properties of the CSES specifically as a measure of ethnic or racial collective self-esteem. We know of only one existing publication devoted to this subject: a series of analyses by Utsey and Constantine (2007) examining the underlying factor structure of the CSES as a measure of ethnic/racial collective self-esteem in two African-Americans samples. Before reviewing the findings of that study, we will briefly review the original validation studies for the CSES. Psychometrics of the CSESRead MoreAnalytical Techniques For Marketing : Assignment3222 Words   |  13 PagesMODULE TITLE: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR MARKETING ASSIGNMENT TITLE: EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS NAME: WEI CHENG LIM STUDENT NUMBER: 120490488 DEGREE TITLE: BA MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT WORD COUNT: 2493 WORDS â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION NUMBER AND TITLE 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. THEORY 4 2.1 DATA REQUIREMENTS 5 2.2 THE EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS MODEL 7 3. APPLICATION TO MARKETING 8 4. METHOD 10 5. RESULTS 12 6. MARKETING IMPLICATIONS FOR RESULTS Read MoreEmployment Trends and Job Satisfaction in the Oil and Gas Industry5686 Words   |  23 Pagesoftheoretically relevant work relating to these trends and a study examining the expected effectsthese trends might have on the employment environment in the oil and gas industry. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was focus-qualitative using interview groups. The results of these focus groups indicated that the oil industry is experiencing a period of consolidation and downsizing. Reasons cited for these trends included depressed oil prices, minimized revenues, and decreased cash flows

The Glorious Day Of Abraham Lincoln - 942 Words

The glorious day of Abraham Lincoln born in February 12, 1809. Years went on and Abe grew taller and more of a president. The day had come for the Election Day; and Abraham Lincoln was running for president. He was elected and went forth as a great president. Some of the actions Abe made many people angry. One person is known as John Wilkes Booth. He made him so angry; he had the attentions of assassinating him. Day had come to when Abe was shot. The time period was very happy and joy full because the war had ended. A week later, Abe was assassinated. The environment in the north was very much depressing. People were sad and felt like they lost a family member; because Abe was shot and killed. It also created much anger between the north†¦show more content†¦From Abraham being killed; Andrew Johnson was up next in line to be president. That was a major turning point. He made decisions Abe would have made which created problems and became very disliked. The first main personal to be a part of the assassination of Abe was clearly John Wilkes Booth. He was the first person to ever assassinate a president in the history of the U.S. The plan Booth had in mind was to kidnap the president. They were going to take him through back roads into the town Richmond and have him traded from certain things. But before the play had started, Booth had the idea to kill him instead. So he told his three other men who are Lewis Powell, Herold, and Atzerodt what they last minute change of plans were. So he had each of those men kill a certain member of the party. They were all going to strike at 10:15 P.M. Clearly, Booth and his men were major key players in the assassination. The men also showed Booth routes and back ways to help Booth escape like I mentioned earlier. Clearly, President Lincoln was a major key player. He was the one who was getting assassinate; if he was never alive or president. None of this would have happened and changed the future. He was also the one who upsetted Booth and many other people. Abe wasn’t liked that much; people actually didn’t like him and seen how he changed everything until he was killed. He being assassinated angered lots of people. It created anger between the north and the

Behavioral Health Services Free Essays

Mental illness refers to any condition or disease affecting the human brain that has an impact on a person’s thinking, feelings, behavior, and his interaction with other people and his environment. The symptoms of mental illness vary from mild to acute, depending on the exact illness involved; however, if mental illness goes untreated, the individual affected often finds difficulty, or inability in coping with their daily activities in life (MedicineNet, 2008, para. 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Health Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now Physical illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes are commonly easy to diagnose via a simple blood test or a diagnostic examination. This, unfortunately, is not the case with mental illnesses. The doctor would have to rely on the symptoms of the individual (e. g. how long they have been present, how severe they are, etc. ) and conduct a physiological examination to gather further information or to verify their initial diagnosis (National Institute of Mental Health, 2005). Although mental illnesses cannot be prevented, they can be treated using medications and various forms of therapy. Deinstitutionalization The deinstitutionalization of mental health patients during the 1960s was enforced to close down the operation of state mental institutions and was first believed to be a win-win situation for everyone—the conservatives wanted to cut costs, and the liberals envisioned the freedom of the residents of these institutions whom they believe are being treated involuntarily (Failer, 2002). However, disaster resulted from this movement. Huge numbers of obviously mentally-ill individuals materialized on the city streets. These individuals were dirty, wearing torn clothing, having hallucinations and talking to themselves or yelling at others, and on the whole, acting in a weird manner. Majority of the discharged patients were transferred to nursing homes, deteriorating neighborhoods, proprietary homes, and low-cost housing. The patients confined in nursing homes increased from 19-44% from1950 to 1970 (Kramer, 1975). Particularly affected by the nursing home conditions were the elderly who received short shrift because they were not admitted to custodial institutes and for months, they were forced to stay in acute care centers waiting for placement in cheaper and more suitable institutions. Also, a huge percentage of the discharged patients had nowhere to go because they no longer had families, or their families did not want to take them in. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the hindrance in the continued care and treatment of the mentally ill. Integrated Health Care Mental health services are integrated into primary health care services as doing otherwise implies a number of disadvantages. Without mental health providers, there would be no one to conduct diagnostic, capacity, cognitive, and personality assessments for differentiating normal body processes from adjustment reactions, medication side effects, pathology, or a blend of these problems. Also, behavioral and mental health problems would not be properly diagnosed and treated. Mental health experts are also needed as their expertise would contribute to the design, execution, and assessment of patient outcomes and team care. Depending on the degree of illness of the mentally-ill patient, other health and social services might be needed. Some simply needs a place where they would not accidentally hurt themselves. Others may just require therapy. Some need a place where there are people who will see to it that they are taking medication properly. Some mental illnesses are associated with physical illness, emphasizing the need for primary health care services. Some need social services such as vocational rehab, family support groups, and day care centers. The Managed Care Approach On the whole, managed care involves paying for what is â€Å"adequate† and what is â€Å"medically necessary†, using the cheapest alternative. The Center for Mental Health Services (CHMS) outlines its possible benefits and drawbacks: Advantages 1) Better facilities, with more proficient medical professionals. 2) Expanded alternatives, consisting of support services and treatment options. 3) Money saved may be used for making health insurance cheaper. Disadvantages 1) Patients with long-term mental illnesses may require not just short-term acute care (the preferred alternative in managed care). 2) The symptoms of the patient may worsen if hospitalization is denied without offering options for intensive care. 3) Difficulty in protecting confidentiality. 4) Difficulty in the continuity of care for patients who receive short-term treatments at different locations. Mental Health Care Funding The three governmental sources that provide benefits for mental health care include Medicare, Medicaid, and the Department of Veteran Affairs. The following outlines the populations eligible for these programs. Note, however, that these are the ‘basic’ descriptions of who are eligible. Eligibility would still depend on various specific factors and criteria. Medicare Eligible populations include: – individuals aged 65 and above, – individuals under age of 65 with certain disabilities, and – individuals with End-Stage Renal Disease, regardless of age (US Department of Health and Human Services). Medicaid Eligible populations include certain low-income individuals who qualify for an eligibility group recognized by the laws that vary according to state (US Department of Health and Human Services). Department of Veteran Affairs. Eligible populations include veterans actively engaged in one of the seven uniformed military services. If a veteran has been discharged from the military, he/she can still be eligible if the discharge was not due to dishonorable service (GovBenefits. gov). Recommendations 1) Have primary health care practitioners undergo mental health training or instigate collaboration with mental health experts. This allows primary health care practitioners to attend to the health needs of mentally-ill patients, and the mental health needs of patients with chronic or infectious diseases. 2) Develop a system for identifying the exact need of the mentally-ill patient before he/she is admitted. Incorporate clinical and behavioral assessments to determine whether the patient needs medication, counseling, therapy, or a combination of these. 3) Develop and provide rehabilitation programs, therapies, and counseling for the patients and their families and friends. 4) Develop recording systems that permit the continuous supervision, assessment and updating of the patients’ mental health activities to gather data that would be used for service improvements. References Failer, J. (2002). Who qualifies for rights? Homelessness, Mental illness, and Civil Commitment. Cornell University Press. GovBenefits. gov. VA – Health Care – Basic Medical Benefits Package for Veterans. Retrieved August 14, 2010 from http://www. govbenefits. gov/govbenefits_en. portal? _nfpb=true_pageLabel=gbcc_page_category_nfls=falsebid=303mode=report Kramer, M. (1975). Psychiatric Services and the Changing Institutional Scene. Rockville, Maryland. MedicineNet, Inc. (2008). Mental Illness Basics. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://www. medicinenet. com/mental_illness/article. htm National Institute of Mental Health. (2005). Information about Mental Illness and the Brain. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from http://science. education. nih. gov/supplements/nih5/mental/guide/info-mental-a. htm The Center for Mental Health Services. Managed Mental Health: What to Look For – What to Ask. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from http://mentalhealth. about. com/library/ken/blmmh. htm US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicaid Program – General Information. Retrieved August 14, 2010, from http://www. cms. gov/MedicaidGenInfo/ US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare Program – General Information. How to cite Behavioral Health Services, Papers

Project Management Office for Processes - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theProject Management Officefor Policies and Processes. Answer: Introduction A is a group within a business agency of organization concerned with defining and maintaining standards for management of projects is known as a Project Management Office (PMO). The aim of the project management office is standardization of project methods, policies and processes (Pemsel Wiewiora, 2013). The correct implementation of the PMO helps in getting returns on investment by strategic assessment of the loopholes within the organization. Body: Types of PMO: Supportive PMO- The supportive PMO acts as an effective framework acting as an on-demand guide providing assistance in the handling and management of different projects and likewise. As commented by Joslin Muller (2015), supportive PMO can be implemented in organization where additional control is necessary. Controlling PMO- The controlling PMO may be used in organizations where there is a need to control the activities, procedures and documentation of the organization. As mentioned by Too Weaver (2014), the project offices are passed through constant reviewing by the PMO excising control. Directive PMO- The model is implemented in organizations with highly complex work cultures, where the organization is providing support in diverse fields and areas. As asserted by Kutsch et al. (2015), the management of the project here is dependent upon availability of distinctive expertise along with resources. In this respect, each of the managers reports to the directive PMO that helps in maintaining consistency. Functions of PMO There are a number of important functions of PMO such as: Reporting to the upper management the status of the ongoing project Development and implementation of standardised methods To monitor and control the performance of projects Development of professional competency by planning training Conclusion The current study takes into consideration the different types and function of Project management Office. The optimum utilization of project management method helps in standardising business processes. This could be done by directing the expertise and the resources towards the management of the different projects within an organization. References Beringer, C., Jonas, D., Kock, A. (2013). Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 830-846. Joslin, R., Mller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), 1377-1392. Kutsch, E., Ward, J., Hall, M., Algar, J. (2015). The contribution of the project management office: A balanced scorecard perspective.Information Systems Management,32(2), 105-118. Martinsuo, M. (2013). Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 794-803. Pemsel, S., Wiewiora, A. (2013). Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 31-42. Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394.

The Four Political Parties Of Canada Essay Example For Students

The Four Political Parties Of Canada Essay The Four Political Parties of CanadaIn a country as vast and as culturally diverse as Canada, many differentpolitical opinions can be found stretched across the country. From the affluentneighbourhoods of West Vancouver to the small fishing towns located on the eastcoast of Newfoundland, political opinions and affiliations range from the leftwing to the right wing. To represent these varying political views, Canada hasfour official national political parties to choose from: the Liberals (who arecurrently in power), the Progressive Conservatives, the New Democrats, and theReform Party. What is particularly interesting is that none of the latter threeparties compose Her Majestys Official Opposition in the House of Commons. TheBloc Quebecois, a Quebec separatist party who only ran candidates in theprovince of Quebec in the last federal election in 1993, won 54 seats in thatprovince, and claimed the title of Her Majestys Loyal Opposition over theReform Party, who garnered only 52 seats. Because the Bloc ran candidates onlyin Quebec, it would be difficult to think of them being a national politicalparty, even though they hold a significant number of seats in the nationallegislature. This paper will examine the significant early history of Canadasfour main national political parties, and then will analyse their current state,referring to recent major political victories/disasters, and the comparison ofmajor economic policy standpoints, which will ultimately lead to a prediction ofwhich party will win the next federal election in Canada. We will write a custom essay on The Four Political Parties Of Canada specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Starting on the far left, there is the New Democratic Party of Canada. Todays modern New Democratic Party was originally called the Co-operativeCommonwealth Federation (CCF), and was founded in 1932. Originally led by a manby the name of James Shaver Woodsworth, the CCF was formed by several radicalfarming groups who found out that they had more similarities with each otherthan just their destitution. The 1920s had been a dark period for radicals andunions within Canada; poverty and significantly lower wages for workers wereprevalent, and apathy regarding these issues was rampant. When the depressionwove its destructive web across Canada in the 1930s, proponents of capitalismwere staggered, but their left-wing opponents were too busy coming to the aid ofthe victims of the depression, and could not deal with the capitalistseffectively. When the CCF was officially formed in Calgary, they adopted theprinciple policy of being a co-operative commonwealth, in which the basicprinciple regulating production, distribution and exchange will be the supplyingof hum an needs instead of the making of profits. (Morton, p.12, 1986)Meanwhile, in Eastern Canada, a group of scholars formed the League for SocialReconstruction (LSR), and gave the Canadian left a version of socialism that wasrelated in some respects to the current social and economic situation in Canada. In 1933, the CCF had its first major convention in Regina, Saskatchewan, and theoriginal policy platform first proposed by the CCF was replaced by a manifestoprepared by an LSR committee and originally drafted by a Toronto scholar, FrankUnderhill. The Regina Manifesto, as it is known as today, put emphasis oneconomic planning, nationalisation of financial institutions, public utilitiesand natural resources, security of tenure for farmers, a national labour code,socialised health services and greatly increased economic powers for the centralgovernment. (Morton, p.12, 1986) As a supplement to the feverish mood createdby the convention, the Regina convention concluded by saying no CCF Governmentwill rest content until it has eradicated capitalism and put into operation thefull programme of socialised planning which will lead to the establishment inCanada of the Co-operative Commonwealth. (Morton, p.12, 1986). The CCF triedto garner more popular support later down the road, and after cal ling itself theNew Party in 1960, it changed its name officially to the New Democratic Party(NDP) in 1962. Over the years, the NDP has become a large force in Canadianpolitics, becoming an alternative to the Conservatives and Liberals. (Morton,pgs.12-27, 1986)Even to the casual Canadian political observer, the NDP is generallyregarded as the party at the bottom of the political barrel at the federal level. In the last Canadian federal election in 1993 under the leadership of AudreyMcLoughlin, the NDP went from holding 43 seats in the House of Commons to only 9. McLoughlin resigned, paving the way for the election of the former leader ofthe Nova Scotia NDP to the federal post, Alexa McDonough in 1994. On theprovincial level, however, the NDP has experienced some success of late. Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan have had (or currentlyhave) an NDP provincial mandate. (Guy, p.384, 1995)On the policy front, the NDP seem to be most concerned with a plan forfair taxes now. (fairtaxnow.html, 1997) According to the NDP, its timebanks and big corporations paid their fair share so we can better affordhealth care, education and other services for middle class and workingfamilies. (fairtaxnow.html, 1997) Some of the key points of the NDPs fairtaxes now campaign include a minimum corporate tax, a minimum wealth tax, anend to tax breaks for profitable corporations that lay people off, an end tocorporate deductions for meals and entertainment, and increased federal auditingand enforcement of existing corporate taxes, (fairtaxnow.html, 1997) to name afew. Of course, these recommendations for taxation reform reflect the typicalleft-wing, socialistic standpoints that the NDP has stood for ever since itsinception. Moving further towards the centre of the political scale, the currentfederal governing party in Canada, the Liberal Party of Canada, is found. Liberals in an independent form started to be elected to the variouslegislatures around the country in the middle of the 1800s, with a formal partybeing created in the late 1800s. The purpose of forming a formal party was aresponse to the increasing popularity of the Conservatives in Canada; therural Clear Grits of Upper Canada, the anti-clerical rouges, and the reformelement in the Maritimes came together gradually as the Liberal Party.(McMenemy, pg.10, 1976) In its early years, the Liberal Party reflected thevarious demographics of religion and geography among the voting public in Canada. With widespread support in Canadas rural areas several years afterConfederation, the Liberal Party opposed protectionism and supported commercialreciprocity with the United States. It also opposed MacDonalds program ofrailway construction. Led by Sir Wilfred Laurier, the Liberals supportedunrestricted reciprocity and suffered for it in the election of 1891.(McMenemy, pg.12, 1976) The Liberals policy on trade annoyed industrialists,who were intimidated by the prospect of unlimited trade. British Loyalistsregarded the trade reciprocity as being anti-British. In the latter part of the1890s, however, Laurier adjusted the partys policy on trade reciprocity. Inthe budget of 1897, the Liberals neatly undercut the Conservatives byintroducing the principle of a minimum and a maximum tariff. A chief result ofthis Liberal protectionism was to give British goods a preference in Canada.(McMenemy, pg.12, 1976) Another significant move made by the Liberals was in1903, when Prime Minister Laurier an nounced the construction of a secondtranscontinental railroad. Lauriers minister of railways dissented on the ideaand in turn was sacked by the Prime Minister. By the election of 1904, theLiberals had acquired MacDonalds railway and tariff policy and could thereforewear the previously Conservative mantle of party of nationaldevelopment.'(McMenemy, pg.12, 1976) The Liberal Party of Canada currently forms the federal government ofCanada. Their current leader, Jean Chretien, was elected to succeed John Turnerin 1990. Around the time Chretien was elected leader, questions within andoutside the party were raised regarding the political baggage that Chretiencarried from previous Liberal governments. Despite the controversy, Chretienwon his partys leadership quite comfortably, and returned his party toprominence once again in 1993 by forming a federal government with a largemajority in the House of Commons. Looking back, this current Liberal mandatehas weathered relatively little criticism until recently. One of Chretienscampaign promises in 1993 was to scrap the Goods and Services Tax (GST) if theLiberals were to form a government. To complement that promise by Chretien,Sheila Copps, another prominent Liberal from Hamilton, Ontario, vowed to resignif the GST was not scrapped under a Liberal mandate. Three years into theLiberal mandate, controversy began to rise over Chretiens and Copps promisesregarding the GST. Copps eventually resigned after much criticism, and won backher seat in her Hamilton riding in a by-election several weeks later. Chretienwas subjected to large amounts of public criticism, especially during one of CBCTVs electronic town hall meetings. Chretien argued the fact that theLiberals never said that they were going to scrap the GST, and that peopleshould read their policy guide, the Red Book, to find out where exactly theLiberals stood on the issue of the GST. Chretien argued during this debate thatthe Liberals wanted to replace the GST instead of scrapping it. Earlier clipstaken from the parliamentary channel and radio interviews seemed to contradicthis claim that the Liberals wanted to replace the GST. We hate it and we willkill it! (the GST) were the exact words that came out of Jean Chretiens mouthduring a debate in the House of Commons over the GST, before the Liberals tookpower in 1993. Since the federal election has not been called yet, it has yetto be seen whether or not the Canadian public has lost any faith in the currentPrime Minister. .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .postImageUrl , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:hover , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:visited , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:active { border:0!important; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:active , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance and its Humanistic Principles EssayThe Liberals have made the economic revival of Canada one of their toppolicy platforms, so much so that in the online edition of the Red Book,economic policy is chapter one. The Liberals explain their approach toeconomic policy by saying that they will focus on the five major problems facingthe current Canadian economy: lack of growth, high unemployment, high long-termreal interest rates, too high levels of foreign indebtedness, and excessivegovernment debt and deficits. (chapter1.html, 1997) In the online edition ofthe Red Book, the Liberals also state that the better co-ordination of federaland provincial tax and economi c policies must be achieved in the interests ofall Canadians.we will work with the provinces to redesign the current socialassistance programs, to help people on social assistance who are able to work tomove from dependence to full participation in the economic and social life ofthis country.and that Canadians are entitled to trade rules that are fairthat secure access to new markets, and that do not undermine Canadiancommitments to labour and environmental standards. (chapter1.html, 1997)There is also a brief section about the Liberals plan to create many more jobsfor Canadians, which was one of their large campaign platforms during the 1993election. (chapter1.html, 1997)Right of centre on the political scale, the Progressive ConservativeParty of Canada can be found. The Progressive Conservatives (PCs) were, intheir fledgling years, known as the Conservative Party (and before that, theLiberal-Conservatives), and was founded before the Liberal Party of Canada,making it the oldest po litical party in Canada. While it is difficult to pin-point a precise date of origin of the Conservative Party there is neverthelessgood reason for regarding 1854 as the inaugural year for the political groupwhich has continued to this day as the conservative element in Canadianpolitics. (Macquarrie, pg.3, 1965) In 1854, John A. MacDonald, who was tobecome Canadas first Prime Minister ever, led the Conservative Party to officeand began the process which established a nation in the northern part of thiscontinent and set the pattern for that nations political institutions.(Macquarrie, pg.4, 1965) Since Confederation, many events in Canadian politicshave held vast significance in Canadas history. For example: Confederation(1867), Hudson Bay territories joining the dominion (1870), Arctic Islands addedto the dominion (1880), the defeat of reciprocity (1911), the enfranchisement ofwomen (1918), the providing of universal suffrage under the Dominion ElectionsAct (1920), the Statute of Wes tminster (1931), and finally, the addition ofNewfoundland to the Dominion (1949). It is interesting to note that all ofthese significant political occurrences were made under Conservative Partymandates. (Macquarrie, pg.2, 1965) It has been said that if Canada had anIndependence Day it would be December 11, 1931, the date of the proclamation ofthe Statute of Westminster under the regime of Prime Minister R.B. Bennett.(Macquarrie, pg.3, 1965) The Statute of Westminster repealed the Colonial LawsValidity Act and gave Canada absolute legislative autonomy except as requestedby Canada in the case of amendments to the British North America Act.(Macquarrie, pg.107, 1965) This was a recognition of an establishment which waslong overdue. Before the Statute of Westminster was implemented in 1931, it wasunder the rule of another conservative Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden, inwhich Canada took its largest steps towards having full independence andcomplete national sovereignty. Vigorously and successfully he (Borden) assertedthe equality of nations comprising the Commonwealth. (Macquarrie, pg.3, 1965)In December of 1942, the Conservative Party met at a leadership convention inWinnipeg, and after some prodding by one of the candidates, John Bracken, thename of the Conservative Party was changed to that of the ProgressiveConservatives, in order to reflect the partys progressive goals and intentions. (Macquarrie, pg.122, 1965) Under the name of Progressive Conservative party,John Diefenbaker led the party to the largest landslide victory in the historyof Canadian politics in 1958, just one year after the Diefenbaker government hadwon a minority government. (Guy, pg.393, 1995)In recent years, the Progressive Conservatives have been dealt severeblows at the polls. In 1993, the Progressive Conservatives went from having themajority government in the House of Commons to a mere two seats: current PCleader Jean Charest in Sherbrooke, and Elsie Wayne in Saint John. The PCs canattach their massive defeat in the 1993 election to nine years of rule by BrianMulroney. Mulroney won two large majority governments in 1984 and 1988, but inthe 1988 term, his fortunes turned south. His government was responsible forthe implementation of the hated Goods and Services tax, the Free Trade Agreementwith the United States, and the Meech Lake Accord. Several months before the1993 federal election was cal led, Mulroney stepped down as party leader, whichpaved the way for the election of Kim Campbell, then Justice Minister, to thepost of Prime Minister. Campbell was the first female Prime Minister of Canada,even though she was not elected by the general voting public. Her early days ofcampaigning were regarded as successful for herself and the party, but in thelatter part of the election campaign, debates over whether or not Campbell was acompetent leader were raised. Her trip-up in the late stages of the electioncampaign set the stage for the Custer-like wiping out of her party; she was evensoundly defeated in her own riding of Vancouver Central. Even though thefederal party was decimated, provincial PC parties seemed to hold their ownduring the federal dark times. Currently, there are Progressive Conservativeprovincial governments in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Prince Edward Island. PEI Conservatives won the most recent election, going from only one seat in thePEI legislature to a majority. The Conservatives in Ontario were also recentwinners. Under the leadership of Mike Harris, the Ontario Conservatives oustedthe Ontario NDP in the 1994 provincial election in a landslide victory, perhapsbringing on a second wave of the Big Blue Machine in years to come. Eventhough the Conservatives were given a serious setback in the 1993 federalelection, their commitment to policy-making has not been affected. They havedrafted a Tory Top Ten list of policies that they will campaign with during thenext federal election. Their number one policy standpoint on the Top Ten is taxcuts for jobs: Canadians today are overtaxed. The high tax burden is killingjobs and reducing Canadas competitiveness. We need to create lasting jobs andrekindle the entrepreneurial spirit. Tax cuts will inject life back into theCanadian economy by promoting investment, consumer consumption and jobcreation . (library4.html, 1997) On the income tax front, the PCs are alsocommitted to giving Canadians a 10-20 per cent personal income tax cut, whichwould be phased in over their first term in office. They have also given thesituation regarding the federal debt and deficit a fair amount of thought. Theyintend to balance the federal budget within their first mandate in office, andthat by the time the deficit is eliminated through spending cuts, specifictargets for reduction of the federal debt must be set with measurablemilestones. (Designing a Blueprint for Canadians, pp.6-7, 1996) Finally,their overall economic policy states that Canada should constitute an economicunion within which goods, services, persons and capital may move freely. Anymeasures which unduly discriminate between individuals, goods, services andcapital on the basis of their origin or their destination should beunconstitutional. The strengthening of the Canadian economic union is crucial tofostering economic growth, the flourishing of a common citizenhood, and helpingCanadians reach their full potential. (Designing a Blueprint for Canadians,pgs.40-41, 1996) On the whole, it would appear to the unbiased reader that theProgressive Conservative Party of Canada knows exactly what it stands for. .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .postImageUrl , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:hover , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:visited , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:active { border:0!important; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:active , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media violence EssayEven further to the right side of the political scale, the relativelynew Reform Party of Canada can be found. On the last weekend of October in 1987,306 delegates from Western Canada converged on Alberta, in order to found theparty. These people were fed up with the traditional Liberal/Conservative rulein Ottawa, and wanted a party that could effectively represent the concerns ofWestern Canadians. (Harrison, pgs.110, 112,114, 1995) The delegates facedthree tasks as they met that weekend: to decide upon a name for the party, todevise a constitution, and to pick a leader. The delegates chose the partysname the Reform Party of Canada the first day. (Harr ison, pg.114, 1995)On the second day of the convention, the party started the process of selectinga leader. There were three potential candidates: Preston Manning (the currentleader), Ted Byfield, and Stan Roberts. Byfield was not entirely comfortablewith the idea of being the Reform Partys leader, however, and wanted tocontinue to run his own personal business. A theory that came out of theconvention was that this leadership race was a battle between Roberts oldpolitical style and money against Mannings grass-roots populism. (Harrison,pg.117, 1995) There was also some controversy over the amount of money Robertsspent on his hospitality suite at the convention, which was an estimated $25000. Manning was regarded as being quite frugal, spending around $2000. Even thoughthe difference in the amount of money spent between the two main candidates wasrather large, Manning was regarded as being the stronger of the two candidates,having the unquestionable allegiance of many of the delegates. (Harrison,pg.117, 1995) Roberts knew of the immense support Manning had, and it wasrumoured that he was going to bring in a significant amount of instantdelegates (Harrison, pg.117, 1995) to push him over the top. The Manningcamp got word of this idea, and subsequently closed delegate registration on theFriday night of the convention (it was supposed to run until Saturday morning). This action sent a Roberts supporter by the name of Francis Winspear into a rage,severely criticising the decision to suspend registration and accusing theManning camp that some membership money had been unaccounted for. Withanimosities rising, Jo Anne Hillier called a meeting between the two sides onSaturday night to attempt to resolve the disputes. The attempt atreconciliation failed. (Harrison, pg.117, 1995) The next morning, during anemotional speech, Roberts decided to drop out of the race, all the whilequestioning whether or not the party stood true to its founding principles ofintegrity and honesty. He referred to Mannings supporters as fanaticalAlbertans and small-minded evangelical cranks. (Harrison, pg.118, 1995)This left Preston Manning as the first (and current) leader of one of Canadasnewest political parties, the Reform Party of Canada. In its short history to date, the Reform Party of Canada has had somesuccess federally, and has weathered its share of criticism. In the lastfederal election, they won a total of 52 seats, almost beating out the BlocQuebecois for the title of Her Majestys Loyal Opposition, who won 54 seats. The Reform took one seat in Ontario, one seat in Manitoba, four seats inSaskatchewan, 22 seats in Alberta, and 24 seats in British Columbia. (Guy,pg.434, 1995) There was some debate at the beginning of the Liberals mandatefrom the Reform Party whether or not a separatist party (Bloc Quebecois) shouldbe allowed to be the opposition in Parliament, but the Bloc remained as officialopposition. Lately, however, a Bloc MP resigned his seat, leaving the Bloc witha one seat lead over the Reform Party in the race for official opposition. Thenext federal election should be very interesting, as these two parties mightbattle it out for the right to be opposition again. One moniker that the ReformParty wears that could damage their hopes of ever being the opposition or thegovernment is the fact that many Canadians have the stereotype that Reform MPsand supporters are red-necked hillbillies from out west. A little while back, aReform MP by the name of Robert Wringma made comments of a racial natur e towardsblack and aboriginal people. Wringma suggested that if he were a shopkeeper,and if his patrons were offended by blacks or aboriginals working up in thefront of his shop, he would make sure that the black or aboriginal person(s)working for him would be in the back of the shop while his racist customers wereon the premises. This prompted outrage from minority groups and the generalCanadian population, and Preston Manning was eventually pressured into kickingWringma out of caucus. That particular incident summed up the Reform stereotypeof extreme right-wing views, and it should also be interesting whether or notthis subject surfaces again during the next federal election campaign. On the Reform Partys web page, the policy section is entitled a 6point plan to build a brighter future together. (summary.html, 1997) Theirnumber one priority is to create growth, opportunity, and lasting jobs throughsmaller government, an end to overspending, and lower taxes, to make governmentsmaller by eliminating waste, duplication, and red tape to save $15 billion ayear, and to balance the budget by March 31, 1999. (summary.html, 1997) TheReform Party also intends to give the public tax relief, by having lower taxesfor all Canadians: $2,000 by the year 2000 for the average family, an increasein the Basic Personal Amount and Spousal Amount, cut capital gains taxes in half,cut employers U.I. premiums by 28%, and eliminate federal surtaxes and last butnot least, flatten and simplify the income tax system. (Summary.html, 1997)Their plans for the Unemployment Insurance system are not all that extravagant,but on the home page, they are quoted as saying that they are going to: returnUn employment Insurance to its original purpose: protection against temporary jobloss. (summary.html, 1997) These economic reform policies seem to be relatedsomewhat to the Progressive Conservatives economic reform policies, but they donot go into nearly as much detail as the Conservatives do. Politics in Canada is an extremely volatile business. One day a partycan be on top of the world, and the next day they can be the scourge of theplanet. Politics in Canada has a long and interesting history, so much so thatthis paper has barely even scratched the surface. While the New Democrats andReform are gathering support in different areas of the country, it must beremembered that the only two parties to ever hold federal office in this countryhave been the Conservative and Liberal parties. From examining the variouspartys web pages, it seems that the Liberals and Conservatives have the mostdetailed policy platforms, the Reform Party is simply lacking the detail of theConservatives and Liberals, and the New Democrats have little information toresearch at all. History tends to repeat itself, especially in elections inthis country, and it would not be surprising if the Liberals won another federalmandate this year. The Conservatives look like they are making the long trekback to p rominence, but the Reform Party and New Democrats seem to be treadingwater. The real test that will determine which paths these parties will takeduring the trek into the 21st century, however, will be made in the soon-to-be-called Canadian federal election. Democracy will speak out once again. BIBLIOGRAPHY(1996) A Fresh Start for Canadians Online. Available:http://www.reform.ca/FreshStart/summary.html 1997, Feb.25. Guy, John J. People, Politics and Government. Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1995. Harrison, Trevor. Of Passionate Intensity. Toronto: University of TorontoPress, 1995. (1996) Liberal Party of Canada Online. Available:http://www.liberal.ca/english2/policy/red_book/chapter1.html 1997, Feb.25. Macquarrie, Heath. The Conservative Party. Toronto: McClelland and StewartLimited, 1965. McMenemy, John, Winn, Conrad. Political Parties in Canada. Montreal: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976. Morton, Desmond. The New Democrats, 1961-1986. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.,1986. (1996) New Democrats of Canada Online. Available:http://www.fed.ndp.ca/fndp/fairtaxnow.html 1997, Feb.25. Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Designing a Blueprint for Canadians. Ottawa, 1997. (1996) Progressive Conservative Youth Online. Available:http://www.openface.ca/PCU/library4.html 1997, Feb.25.

History of Photography †Humanities Essay

History of Photography – Humanities Essay Free Online Research Papers History of Photography Humanities Essay The Early Days Photography was first used by Sir John Herschel in 1839. This was also the year the photographic process was made public. Prior to 1839 about ten individuals had tried to make a photograph, however only four were successful. They were: Joseph Nicephore Niepce, Louis J.M. Daguerre, Hippolyte Bayard and William Henry Talbot from England. All of them used techniques which had been known for some time but hadn’t before been successful. The first technique was optical. Scientists had previously discovered that light passing through a small hole in a darkroom projects an inverted image on the opposite wall. The hole was replaced by something which makes the image sharper and brighter. This was called a lens. By the eighteenth century the dark room was replaced by a portable box. The next technique was chemical. During 1727, Johann Heinrich Schulze found out that the right chemicals turned dark when exposed to light. The first attempt to use these chemicals to make the image was unsuccessfully made by Thomas Wedgwood in the 1800s. The Daguerreotype which was bought by the French and made public on 19 August 1839, produced a picture on metal. In comparison the Calotype, which was invented by Talbot in 1840, produced a negative photo on paper. A positive of the picture was made on a sheet of chemically sensitized paper. This was an advantage because any number of positives could be made from the one negative. MASS PRODUCTION Frederick Scott Archer’s process substituted glass for Talbot’s method. The mass production of Albumen Prints of very fine detail was possible. Until 1880 this method was in popular demand for portraits and strange places. Most of the 19th century photographs were in this category. THE MODERN CAMERA The Kodak camera which was first introduced in 1888 caused huge changes to the world of photography. The camera was preloaded with film for up to 100 photos. When you finished the film, the whole camera was returned to the factory were the film was developed, printed and the camera was reloaded. The camera cost just $1.00, while each roll of film was only 10 cents. The first optical range finder came onto the market during 1916. The Super Kodak 620 was introduced in 1938. This was a very expensive snapshot camera because the exposure control method was fully automated. World War II however stopped production of these cameras. The process of automatic functions on most cameras was completed in the late 1970s. This was when the first generation of â€Å"point and shoot† cameras appeared to the general public. These cameras were so easy to use even a beginner photographer could take decent pictures. Imaging with photographs began with the invention of a large box where light could produce images. Photography itself began with photographers inserting silver coated glass plates into large boxes. They discovered that chemicals reacted with the silver plates that could create an opposite image when treated with other various chemicals. Using specialized paper with more chemicals could produce the positive photographs. Many of the pictures of Abraham Lincoln were produced through this time-consuming process. It became necessary for many photographers to find a simpler process. The next major step in photography was the invention of film. A lot of the early processes still used today employed the loading of large cameras with large amounts of film. During World War II cameras became more like they are today. The single lens reflex allowed photographers more opportunity to focus and choose images that were in the distance. The Polaroid camera was invented around the 1960s and this made it even easier for the hobbyist by having one sheet of paper, which could be pulled out and developed instantly after the photo was taken. Silicon chips were added to the cameras and this automatically controlled the shutter speed, focus and lighting. Around the 1980s nearly every home had at least one camera. Today, the choices of camera for both the amateur and professional are endless, from expensive for the professionals to the disposable camera. Digital cameras are also available. They produce images ready for web sites and are also instant so you can view the photo you just took on the LCD screen. Most photo developers offer a choice of either prints, slides or on a CD-Rom so you can edit your photos taken with a digital camera. Research Papers on History of Photography - Humanities EssayRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

A Song Analysis by Walt Whitman

The poem, A Song, by Walt Whitman appears in Leaves of Grass. This edition collection of poems appeared in 1867. It is the workshop for the other versions that followed. â€Å"A Song† is not as well-known as some of Whitman’s other songs. This one like many of his poems celebrates comradeship and nature. It appears in the Calamus section of the 1867 book. It does not appear in later additions. The poem praises the soldiers who fought for America’s freedom. The emphasis on comradeship grows throughout the four stanzas. It starts with life-long love grows to manly love and ends with high-towering love. He uses lots of images from nature as well including â€Å"trees along the rivers,† â€Å"along the shores,† â€Å"all over the prairies. † This emphasis of the water is no coincidence as ships and those that worked on them fascinated Whitman. He loved ride the ferries and spend time along the East River in New York state. His patriotic side shines through this poem too with phrases like â€Å"the continent indissoluble,† â€Å"divine magnetic lands,† â€Å"O Democracy. † His ideals of a united nation present in the poem, contrast with the country as it really was, with racial problems and disputes between the North and South. This ideal grew out of his visits with wartime veterans after seeing the harm that segregation did to the country. At very young age, this ideal emerged through his friendship with Tom Paine, who wrote Common Sense. Whitman wrote this poem shortly after the Emancipation Proclamation produced the freedom that many questioned could ever occur. Keats, Bryant, and Emerson inspired much of his poetry and followed their examples especially in his newer editions of Leaves of Grass. In â€Å"A Song,† music tries to ring through the words. Whitman was a master at matching images with musical sounds. The reader can almost hear the river through the trees or the song of the prairies. In the poem, his love for music reaches out to people. Music is universal and brings people of all races together. Whitman seems to say that through song all nations can achieve these things. By replacing the â€Å"I† in this poem with songs or song, the reader sees how important song and music became to Whitman. Whitman was largely self-taught learning his trade as a teenager. He worked in a print shop. He learned much about journalism and grew to love writing in all its forms. Among other things, he was a schoolteacher, a journalist, an editor. He also wrote fiction and essays.